New report highlights gaps and opportunities in measuring social integration in the Nordics

The report begins with a review of academic literature on integration, examining dimensions such as feelings of belonging, experiences of discrimination, participation in political life, and social networks. From this foundation, the report assesses which indicators are currently available in Nordic statistical databases and which gaps persist.

Measuring hard and soft indicators

One of the authors, Debora Pricila Birgier, notes that some aspects of integration such as naturalization rates are relatively straightforward to measure. Others, often referred to as “soft” dimensions, including a sense of belonging or the quality of social networks, are far less documented. To better understand the reasons behind these gaps, the research team conducted interviews with personnel across Nordic statistical offices. These conversations revealed both practical and methodological challenges in capturing data on social integration.

Recommendations for improving measurement

The report also examines broader initiatives by other Nordic research institutions, presenting a detailed table of available indicators and offering recommendations for improving measurement. These suggestions include expanding data collection on language proficiency, social networks, and societal attitudes toward migrants, as well as fostering collaboration between statistical offices.

The power of definitions

Birgier emphasizes that measuring integration is not merely a technical or statistical task, it is deeply intertwined with societal values and political choices.

Every definition of integration also defines who belongs and who does not. It reflects societal power dynamics, determining how membership in a society is recognized,” she says.

Past experiences, such as controversy over survey questions on inter-ethnic marriage in Denmark, illustrate how measurement can inadvertently reinforce exclusionary norms.

Balancing metrics and social insight

The report argues for a balanced approach to indicators, tracking both hard metrics, like employment or education, and soft metrics, like social cohesion and perception of inclusion. Such comprehensive measurement can help policymakers monitor progress, inform interventions, and foster more inclusive societies.

The way forward

Drawing on her expertise, Debora Pricila Birgier notes that the Nordic countries – thanks to their extensive register-based data systems and high levels of public trust – are uniquely positioned to take the lead in developing more comprehensive approaches to measuring integration. She highlights that with increased funding, stronger coordination, and a deliberate focus on soft indicators such as social belonging and civic participation, the region has the potential to continue setting global standards in how social and civic integration is understood and assessed.

Watch our in-depth interview with Debora Pricila Birgier, where she discusses why understanding the full picture is essential for meaningful integration. 

Photo and sound: Mikaela Sonck