Asylum & Migration in Europe: Highlights from EMN’s 2024 Overview

A turning point for EU migration policy  

The Pact on Migration and Asylum, adopted in June, marked the biggest EU reform in years. Set to apply from mid-2026, it covers asylum, border screening, crisis response, and returns. Its adoption came as migration and security topped the agenda in the European elections and the new Commission’s priorities.  

Flows also shifted: first-time asylum applications fell by 13%, while irregular border crossings dropped 38% to their lowest since 2021. Syrians, Venezuelans, and Afghans remained the top groups. By early 2024, third-country nationals made up 6.4% of the EU and Norway’s population, over 29 million people.  

Borders, Schengen, and a digital push 

The EU updated its border framework. A revised Schengen Borders Code clarified when internal checks can apply, and a new Screening Regulation introduced common checks on identity, security, and vulnerabilities at external borders.   

New EU rules also modernised data systems, streamlined return procedures, and updated anti-trafficking laws. The recast Single Permit Directive aimed to ease labour admission and protections, while initiatives like the Talent Pool sought to attract skilled workers. For Ukrainians, temporary protection was extended to March 2026, moving the focus toward more longer-term solutions.  

National policies tighten while digital tools expand 

Most Member States introduced more restrictive rules in 2024, especially for legal migration, asylum, and citizenship. Some limited admission for certain groups, prioritised highly skilled workers, or shortened residence permits. Asylum systems expanded fast-track processing, while integration and citizenship often became more conditional on language and civic knowledge.  

At the same time, digitalisation spread across Europe. Many governments launched online portals and automated tools to speed up applications for work, asylum, or integration services.  

Labour shortages reshape migration priorities  

Labour needs reshaped migration debates. Many countries simplified rules to attract workers in healthcare, agriculture, and ICT, and eased conditions for international students and graduates to stay.  

For Ukrainians, support shifted from emergency housing to pathways for work and self-reliance. More broadly, reception systems expanded capacity and cut waiting times, while integration initiatives targeted jobs, education, and civic participation. Local projects sought practical fixes such as adapted driving theory exams or digital service access, while stronger protections were introduced for minors and vulnerable groups.  

Cracking down on trafficking and boosting returns 

Anti-trafficking efforts intensified, aligning with the new EU directive and strengthening detection, protection, and cooperation. Return policies were also reinforced, combining stricter enforcement with more support for voluntary return and reintegration.  

Beyond Europe, migration partnerships targeted root causes of irregular migration, youth employment, and border management.  

What’s next for Europe? 

With the Pact entering into force in 2026, Member States now need to prepare their legal systems, boost administrative capacity, and roll out new IT platforms. The challenge will be balancing order and security with humanitarian duties and economic needs.  

Digital tools, closer cooperation, and data-driven policies are set to define Europe’s next migration chapter. The year 2024 may well be remembered as both a turning point and a testing ground.  

Read the full report here.