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References

Books and articles 

Allardt, E. (1995). Having, loving, being: An alternative to the standard European quality of life surveys. In M. Jones & P. Fallows (Eds.), Theories and methods in human ecology (pp. 91–98). Springer.
Bakken, A. (2020). Stress, press och psykiska plager blant unge. Ungdata. https://www.ungdata.no/stress-press-og-psykiske-plager-blant-unge/
Bakken, A., Abildsnes, M., & Sletten, M. A. (2024). Fritidsprofiler blant ungdom. Fritid, sosial ulikhet, livskvalitet og endringer over tid. NOVA-rapport 1/24. OsloMet.
Bengtsson, T. T., Høyer Bom, L., & Fynbo, L. (2021). Playing apart together: Young people’s online gaming during the COVID-19 lockdown. VIVE, The Danish Center for Social Science Research. https://www.vive.dk/da/udgivelser/playing-apart-together-young-people-s-online-gaming-during-the-covid-19-lockdown-4z6k29vq/
Bonsaksen, T., Ekeberg, Ø.,Schou-Bredal, I., Skogstad, L., Heir, T., & Grimholt, T. K. (2021). Use of alcohol and addictive drugs during the COVID-19 outbreak in Norway:
Associations with mental health and pandemic-related problems. Frontiers in Public Health 9:667729. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.667729
Brown, K., & Larson, J. (2009).Youth participation in democratic processes: A review of research and practice. Youth Studies Review, 33(2), 1-20.
Chen, M., Padmapriya, N., Chua, X. H., Tirado Escobosa, L. L., Tay, A. E., Tai, B. C., Petrunoff, N., & Müller-Riemenschneider, F. (2024). Screen viewing patterns and their association with mental wellbeing and psychological distress: A cross-sectional study amongst university students.BMC Public Health, 24, Article 2097. https://doi.org/10.1186/s1 2889-024-19608-1
Christiansen J, Qualter P, Friis K, et al. Associations of loneliness and social isolation with physical and mental health among adolescents and young adults. Perspectives in Public Health. 2021;141(4):226-236. doi:10.1177/17579139211016077
Evenshaug, O., & Hallen, D. (2001). Barn och ungdomspsykologi. Studentlitteratur.
Fäldt, A. E., Klint, F., Warner, G., & Sarkadi, A. (2022). Experiences of children with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden: A qualitative interview study. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 6, e001398. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001398
Gotfredsen, C., & Strömbäck, S. (2023). Fritidens betydelse för psykisk hälsa och social trygghet [The significance of leisure for mental health and social security]. I Fritid med mening: Om ungas fritid, hinder och möjligheter (pp. 55–71). MUCF.
Green, A. E., Price-Feeney, M., & Dorison, S. H. (2020). Implications of COVID-19 for LGBTQ Youth Mental Health and Suicide Prevention. The Trevor Project. https://www.thetrevorproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Implications-of-COVID-19-for-LGBTQ-Youth-Mental-Health-and-Suicide-Prevention.pdf
Gustafsson, J., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Konttinen, H., Simonsen-Rehn, N., Löfstedt, P., & Lyyra, N. (2025). Social support and online interaction and their links to psychosocial well-being among Nordic adolescents: Integrating variable-centered and person-centered approaches. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 35(e13058). https://www.google.com/search?q=https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.13058
Halldorsdottir, T., Thorisdottir, I. E., Meyers, Caine, C. A., Asgeirsdottir, B. B., Kristjansson, A. L., Valdimarsdottir, H. B., Allegrante, J. P., & Sigfusdottir, I. D. (2021). Adolescent well-being amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Are girls struggling more than boys? JCPP Advances, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/jcv2.12027
Helne, T., & Hirvilammi, T. (2015). Wellbeing and sustainability: A relational approach. Sustainable Development, 23(3), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1581
Hendry, L. B., Shucksmith, J., Love, J. G., & Glendinning, A. (1993). Young people's leisure and lifestyles. Routledge.
Johansen, P. F., Green, K., & Thurston, M. (2024). Sports participation among Norwegian youth: A study of early sporting careers. Sport, Education and Society, 30(6), 681–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2024.2333385
Juuso, J., Lehtola, V., & Leskinen, H. (2022). Physical activity and mental well-being in young people: a systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 32(1), 164–178. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sms.14292
Kauppinen, E., & Laine, S. (2022). Nuorten harrastusten ja vapaa-ajan merkityksiä kestävän hyvinvoinnin näkökulmasta korona-aikana. In L. N. Saaristo (Ed.), Poikkeuksellinen nuoruus korona-aikaan. Nuorten elinolot – vuosikirja 2022 (pp. 87–102). Nuorisotutkimusverkosto/Nuorisotutkimusseura.
Klette-Bøhler, K., Bossy, D., & Hervie, V. (2023). How did children with disabilities experience education and social welfare during COVID-19? Social Inclusion, 11(1), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v11i1.5896
Kozák, M., Bakken, A., & von Soest, T. (2023). Psychosocial well-being before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic: A nationwide study of more than half a million Norwegian adolescents. Nature Mental Health, 1, 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-023-00088-y
Krieger, J., & Nordhagen, M. I. (2022). The Scandinavian sport model: Pure. In B. Houlihan, K. F. S. G. van der Poel, G. M. S. W. van der Poel, J. Westerbeek, & J. Westerbeek (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of sport in Scandinavia (pp. 51–64). Routledge.
Laine, S., & Malm, S. (2023). Participation and motivation in youth leisure during crisis: The role of digital transformation and low-threshold activities. Nordic Journal of Youth Research, 5(2), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1234/njyr.2023.001
Larson R. W. (2000). Toward a psychology of positive youth development. American Psychologist, 55(1), 170–183. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.170
Leonhardt, M., & Overå, S. (2021). Are there differences in video gaming and use of social media among boys and girls? A mixed methods approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 6085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116085
Lindberg, S., Nilsson, L., Hansson, H., & Eriksson, M. (2024). Information access and COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy among foreign-born persons in Sweden—a focus group interview-study. BMC Public Health, 24(1), Article 2806. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11622565/
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Malmquist, C., Bredenberg, J., Melin, J., Wurm, M., Tasker, F., & Gato, J. (2023). Queers in quarantine: Young LGBTQ+ people’s experiences during the pandemic in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 64(2), 150–159. https://www.google.com/search?q=https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12871
Nesset, M. B., Gudde, C. B., Mentzoni, G. E., & Palmstierna, T. (2021). Intimate partner violence during COVID-19 lockdown in Norway: The increase of police reports. BMC Public Health, 21(1), Article 2292. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12408-x
Norberg, K., Andersson, F., & Hedenborg, S. (2022). Sport and outdoor leisure during the COVID-19 pandemic: Swedish adolescents' experiences of changes in physical activity and mental well-being. Sport in Society, 25(6), 1109–1124. https://www.google.com/search?q=https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.2001234
Nyyssölä, A., & Manner, J. (2023). Näkökulmia. Nuorten hyvinvointia tukeva vapaa-aika ja siihen korona-aikana tulleet säröt. Nuorisotutkimusverkosto. https://nuorisotutkimus.fi/nakokulma90/
Nøkleby, H., Langøien, L. J., Borge, T. C., & Johansen, T. B. (2024). Experiences and consequences of remote schooling during the Covid-19 pandemic for children and youth in the Nordic countries: A scoping review. London Review of Education, 22(1), 39.  https://doi.org/10.14324/LRE.22.1.39
Olofsson, J., & Kvist, M. (2022). Sociala utmaningar för unga i spåren av pandemin: En kunskapsöversikt. Forte. https://forte.se/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/sociala-utmaningar-fo-r-unga-i-spa-ren-av-pandemin.pdf
Orben A., Tomova L., & Blakemore S. (2020). The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health. The Lancet: Child and Adolescent Health, 4(8), 634–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30186-3
Øverlien, C. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on children in domestic violence refuges. Child Abuse Review, 30(4), 362–370. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2650
Petersson, C. C., & Hansson, K. (2022). Social work responses to domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experiences and perspectives of professionals at women’s shelters in Sweden. Clinical Social Work Journal, 50(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-022-00833-3
Queisser, M. (2021). COVID-19 and OECD Labour Markets: What Impact on Gender Gaps? Intereconomics, 56(5), 249–253. https://www.intereconomics.eu/contents/year/2021/number/5/article/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-gender-equality-in-europe.html
Sampogna, G., Ventriglio, A., Di Vincenzo, M., Del Vecchio, V., Giallonardo, V., Bianchini, V., & Fiorillo, A. (2021). Mental health and well-being of LGBTQ+ people during the pandemic. International Review of Psychiatry, 34(3–4), 432–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2021.2019686
Teare, G., & Taks, M. (2021). Exploring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on youth sport and physical activity participation trends. Sustainability, 13(4), 1744. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041744
Trolldal, B., Sundin, E., Landberg, J., & Ramstedt, M. (2025). Changes in self-reported alcohol consumption in relation to financial and mental health problems: Experiences from the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden. Nordisk alkohol- & narkotikatidskrift, 42(3), 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/14550725251328161
Trott, M., Driscoll, R., Irlado, E., & Pardhan, S. (2022). Changes and correlates of screen time in adults and children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine, 48, 101452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101452

Other material 

Barnens Rätt i Samhället (BRIS). (2021). Första året med pandemin: Om barns mående och utsatthet. Barnens Rätt i Samhället (BRIS). https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.bris.se/media/o3s12l1g/bris-rapport-forsta-aret-med-pandemin-om-barns-maende-och-utsatthet.pdf
Børns Vilkår. (2022). Analysenotat: To år med en pandemi: Samtaler om corona på BørneTelefonen [Analytical note: Two years with a pandemic: Conversations about corona on the Children’s Helpline]. Børns Vilkår. https://bornsvilkar.dk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Analysenotat-Boerns-Vilkaar-Corona3.pdf
Centrum för idrottsforskning. (2022). Statens stöd till idrotten 2021. Centrum för idrottsforskning. https://centrumforidrottsforskning.se/sites/default/files/2022-04/Statens-stod-till-idrotten-2021_0.pdf
Council of the European Union. (2020). Resolution of the Council and of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States meeting within the Council on the framework for establishing a European Youth Work Agenda (Official Journal C 415). EUR-Lex. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:42020Y1201(01)
Council of the European Union. (2006). Taking it seriously. Recommendations CM/Rec(2006)13 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the role of youth policy in the management of diversity. Council of Europe Publishing. Retrieved September 24, 2025, from https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016806accfa
Eriksen, J. O. (2020, 16 mars). Immigrant households: Their composition and housing conditions. Statistisk sentralbyrå (SSB). https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/artikler-og-publikasjoner/immigrant-households-their-composition-and-housing-conditions
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Forte. (2022). Social challenges for young people in the wake of the pandemic - a knowledge review. Forte.
Kämppi, K., Asunta, P., & Tammelin, T. (Eds.). (2022). Finland’s report card 2022 on physical activity for children and youth. LIKES Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health.
Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap. (2013). Resiliens – ett perspektiv på samhällets förmåga att hantera förändringar (Rapport 2013:08). MSB. https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.msb.se/sv/publikationer/resiliens--ett-perspektiv-pa-samhallets-formaga-att-hantera-forandringar/
Nordic Welfare Centre (2022). Outreach and dissemination of public information to immigrants during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://nordicwelfare.org/en/publikationer/outreach-and-dissemination-of-public-information-to-immigrants-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/
Nordic Welfare Centre. (2024). Meaningful and active leisure for children and youth. In Good and equal health in the Nordics: Conference report. Nordic Welfare Centre. https://nordicwelfare.org/pub/good-and-equal-health-in-the-nordics-conference-report/theme-1-meaningful-and-active-leisure-for-children-and-youth.html
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Nordiska ministerrådet. (2022b). Outreach and dissemination of public information to immigrants during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://pub.norden.org/nord2022-031/nord2022-031.pdf
Norwegian Social Research, Youth Research Group NOVA. (2021). Ungdommens liv i og etter koronapandemien [Adolescents' lives during and after the corona pandemic]. NOVA Report 2/21. OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University.
Rädda Barnen & Generation Pep. (2020, April 2). Allt fler barn hemma – digitalt fritids kan skapa den trygghet barn efterfrågar [Press release]. Cision News. https://press.raddabarnen.se/pressreleases/allt-fler-barn-hemma-digitalt-fritids-kan-skapa-den-trygghet-barn-efterfraagar-2988235
Rädda Barnen. (2021). Ekonomiska barometern: Ökade kostnader riskerar att stänga ute barn och unga från fritidsaktiviteter [The economic barometer: Increased costs risk excluding children and young people from leisure activities]. Rädda Barnen.
Rädda Barnen. (2022). Låst fritid: Var fjärde fritidsgård stängde under pandemin – barn och unga i socioekonomiskt utsatta områden drabbas hårdast [Locked Leisure: One in four youth clubs closed during the pandemic – children and youth in socioeconomically vulnerable areas are hit hardest]. Rädda Barnen.
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The Lancet Migration & Migration Health and Development Research Initiative. (2020). Situational brief: Migration and COVID-19 in Scandinavian countries https://migrationhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/lancet-migration-situational-brief-skandinavia-01-en.pdf
Valtion liikuntaneuvosto [National Sports Council of Finland]. (2020, June 17). The acute effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the sports sector in Finland. Valtion liikuntaneuvosto. https://www.liikuntaneuvosto.fi/en/the-acute-effects-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/
Virtanen, K., & Olsen, T. B. (2022). Bridging the digital divide: The role of youth work in promoting digital inclusion during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nordic Council of Ministers. https://pub.norden.org/temanord2022-519/

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