Table 1. Overview of included studies

Author and year
Country
Study sample
Sample size
Time of data collection
Mode of data collection
Study design
1
Barrett et al. (2022)
Norway
Patients with mental illness
520
June 5 – July 5, 2020
Online survey
Cross-sectional
2
Hansen et al. (2021b)
Norway
Older adults (aged 65–92)
T1: 4,104
T2: 2,865
T3: 2,831
T1: September 23 – October 18 and January 27 – February 16, 2020
T2: June 4 – 18, 2020
T3: November 18 – December 4, 2020
Online survey
Longitudinal
3
Hansen et al. (2021c)
Norway
Adults (aged 19–92)
10,740
Autumn 2019 / Winter 2020 and Summer 2020
Online survey
Longitudinal
4
Heiberg et al. (2022)
Norway
Older adults (aged 60–96)
17
October – November 2020
Semi-structured in-person interviews
Qualitative interviews at one point in time
5
Hoffart et al. (2020)
Norway
Adults (aged 18+)
10,061
March 31 – April 7, 2020
Online survey
Cross-sectional
6
Hoffart et al. (2022)
Norway
Adults (18+)
T1: 10,061
T2: 4,936
T1: March 31 – April 7, 2020
T2: June 22 – July 13, 2020
Online survey
Longitudinal
7
Kjerkol et al. (2020)
Norway
Older adults (50+) receiving municipal health and care services, and service providers
38 + 30
July/August 2020
Structured interviews
Qualitative interviews at one point in time
8
Kvarstein et al. (2022)
Norway
Patients with personality disorder
133
June – October 2020
Survey
Cross-sectional
9
Kynø et al. (2021)
Norway
Parents of infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs)
13
Autumn 2020
Semi-structured in-person and online interviews
Qualitative interviews at one point in time
10
Sørbye et al. (2022)
Norway
Older adults receiving homecare
30
Spring 2020
Mixed methods: screening instrument and telephone interviews
Qualitative interviews at one point in time
11
Beridze et al. (2022)
Sweden
Older adults (aged 68–103)
1,231
2016 – 2019 and May – June 2020
Mixed methods: questionnaire and telephone interviews
Cross-sectional
12
Engström et al. (2022)
Sweden
Critically ill COVID-19 patients
13
July 2020 – March 2021
Telephone and face-to-face interviews
Qualitative interviews at one point in time
13
Gustafsson et al. (2022)
Sweden
Older adults receiving homecare
45,123
Spring 2019 and 2020
Survey
Longitudinal
14
Hansson et al. (2020)
Sweden
Older adults (aged 65–71)
3,447
Spring 2020
Report
Longitudinal
15
Kivi et al. (2021)
Sweden
Older adults
1,071
2015 – 2020
Survey
Longitudinal
16
Naurin et al. (2020)
Sweden
Pregnant women (weeks 12–19) (and their partners)
3,113
September 16, 2019 – August 25, 2020
Survey
Longitudinal
17
Nordgren & Richert (2022)
Sweden
Social workers
81 + 10
Survey:
May 11 – August 20, 2020
Interviews:
May 18, 2020 – January 11, 2021
Mixed methods: online survey and semi-structured focus group interviews
Qualitative interviews at three points in time
18
Rydelius et al. (2022)
Sweden
Women (aged 15–44)
1.9 million + 15
Data on abortions: January 2018 –June 2020
Data on births: January 2018 – March 2021
Interviews: June 2020
Mixed methods: register data and interviews
Register data and qualitative interviews
19
Von Berens et al. (2021)
Sweden
Older people (70+)
2,398
June 2020
Report
Cross-sectional
20
Holm et al. (2022)
Finland
People (20+) with disabilities
22,165
2020–2021
Survey
Cross-sectional
21
Kulmala et al. (2021)
Finland
Community-dwelling oldest old people (80+)
15
August 20 – December 1, 2020
Telephone interviews
Cross-sectional
22
Latikka et al. (2022)
Finland
Study 1: aged 21–77
Study 2: 18–64
Study 1:
T1: 3,724
T2: 1,134
T3: 735
Study 2:
T1: 1,817
T2: 1,318
T3: 1,081
T4: 1,152
T5: 1,018
Study 1:
t1 December 2017;
t2 March – April 2019; t3 May – June 2020
Study 2: t1 March – April 2019;
t2 September – October 2019;
t3 March – April 2020;
t4 September – October 2020;
t5 March – April 2021
Survey
Longitudinal
23
Lehtisalo et al. (2021)
Finland
Older adults at risk of dementia
613
June – September 2020
Postal survey
Cross-sectional
24
Mäkiniemi et al. (2021)
Finland
University employees
1,463
September 28 – October 11, 2020
Electronic survey
Cross-sectional
25
Savela et al. (2022)
Finland
Family caregivers of older adults
101
June – December 2020
Mixed methods: in-person interviews
Cross-sectional
26
Clotworthy et al. (2021)
Denmark
General population (aged 18–87)
Families with children (living at home)
Older people (65+)
General population: 1,046
Families with children: 1,032
Older people: 1,059
Surveys:
March 20 – June 25, 2020
Interviews: March 30 – May 17, 2020
Mixed methods:  surveys and telephone interviews
Cross-sectional
27
Hanghøj et al. (2021)
Denmark
Adolescents and young cancer patients and survivors (aged 18–29)
13
April 28 – May 1, 2020
Semi-structured telephone interviews
Cross-sectional
28
Jensen et al. (2022)
Denmark
Women with recent gestational diabetes
11
April – May 2020
Semi-structured telephone/online interviews
Cross-sectional
29
Joensen et al. (2022)
Denmark
Young people (aged 18–24) with and without pre-existing depressive symptoms
COVID-19 survey:
wave 1: 7,431
wave 8: 8,808
DNBC-18 (2018): 28,579
COVID-19 survey: April/May 2021
DNBC-18: 2018 – March 2021
Survey
Longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional
30
Kusk et al. (2021)
Denmark
Patients (aged 47–87) of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
18
June/July 2020
Semi-structured telephone interviews
Cross-sectional
31
Kølbæk et al. (2021)
Denmark
Patients with mental illness (18+)
992
Spring 2020
Online survey
Cross-sectional and data from medical records
32
Madsen et al. (2021)
Denmark
People with diabetes
Q1: 1,366
March 19 – June 25, 2020
Online survey
Longitudinal
33
Mousing & Sørensen (2021)
Denmark
Patients (aged 28–81) with COPD
13
June – September 2020
Semi-structured online/in-person interviews
Cross-sectional
34
Pedersen et al. (2022)
Denmark
Adults (18+)
8,261
March 20, 2020 – July 22, 2021
Survey
Repeated cross-sectional
35
Severinsen et al. (2021)
Denmark
Pregnant women (in second trimester) and women (aged 20–46) from the general population
Pregnant women: 647
Women: 858
April 14 – July 3, 2020
Survey
Cross-sectional
36
Eliasen et al.  (2022)
Faroe Islands
Older home-dwelling Faroese (aged 82–86)
227
Pre-COVID-19: December 2017 – January 2019
COVID-19: June 8 – July 15, 2020
Pre-COVID-19: survey
COVID-19: telephone interviews
Longitudinal
37
Bonsaksen et al. (2021a)
Norway, United States, United Kingdom, and Australia
Adults (18+)
3,810
April/May 2020
Online survey
Cross-sectional
38
Bonsaksen et al. (2021b)
Norway, US, UK, and Australia
Adults (18+)
3,474
October 24 – November 29, 2020
Online survey
Cross-sectional
39
Bonsaksen et al. (2021c)
Norway, US, UK, and Australia
Older adults (60+)
836
April/May 2020
Online survey
Cross-sectional
40
Geirdal et al. (2021a)
Norway, US, UK, and Australia
Adults (18+)
7,284
April (survey 1) and November (survey 2) 2020
Online survey
Cross-sectional
41
Geirdal et al. (2021b)
Norway, US, UK, and Australia
Adults (18+)
3,810
April/May 2020
Online survey
Cross-sectional
42
O’Sullivan et al. (2021)
Finland, combined with 101 other countries in the world
Adults (18+)
20,398
June 2 – November 16, 2020
Online survey
Cross-sectional
43
Ruffolo et al. (2021)
Norway, US, UK, and Australia
Adults (18+)
3,810
April/May 2020
Online survey
Cross-sectional
44
Varga et al. (2021)
Denmark, France, Netherlands, and UK
Adults (18+)
205,084
March – July 2020
 
Survey
Publicly available data sources
Longitudinal
45
Wester et al. (2022)
Sweden, Finland,  Denmark, and 25 other countries participating in the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)
Adults (50+)
36,478
SHARE wave 8: October 2019 – March 2020
Interviews: June – August 2020
Telephone interviews
Longitudinal
Go to content